來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2022-12-07 17:41:18
非謂語動(dòng)詞
非謂語動(dòng)詞,又叫非限定動(dòng)詞,是指在句子中不是謂語的動(dòng)詞,主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞),即動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動(dòng)詞除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語外,可以充當(dāng)句子任何其他成分。
一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式:
1、動(dòng)詞不定式的變化形式
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
2、-ing的變化形式
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3、分詞的變化形式
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
現(xiàn)在分詞一般式 doing being done
現(xiàn)在分詞完成式 having done having been done
過去分詞 done done
二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語
1、 動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語
動(dòng)名詞作主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為,不定式作主語常表示某次具體的行為。
Collecting information about children’s health is his job.
收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。
To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
It’s very kind of you to have given us so much help.
你給了我們那么多的幫助真是太好了。
2、用形式主語it代替動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語的情況
動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí),常用it作形式主語,放在原主語的位置上。
(1)用形式主語it代替不定式作主語的常見句型有:
A It’s difficult(important, necessary)for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事有 困難(很重要,有必要)。
B It’s kind(friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave)of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是善良的(友善的,禮貌的,粗心大意的,粗魯?shù)模瑲埲痰模斆鞯,愚蠢的,勇敢?。
(2)用形式主語it代替動(dòng)名詞作主語的常見句型有:
A It’s no good(use, fun)doing sth. B. It’s(a)waste of time one’s doing sth
三、非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語
動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式可作賓語,主要有下面四種類型:
1、只接不定式作賓語,而不能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞 afford(付得起),apply(申請),arrange(安排),agree(同 意),offer(提出),intend(打算),plan(計(jì)劃),demand(要 求),
ask(要求),promise(答應(yīng)),help(幫忙),prepare(準(zhǔn) 備),decide(決定),refuse(拒絕),choose(選擇),wish(希 望),want(想要),expect(期待,期望),pretend(假裝), manage(設(shè)法),determine(決心)
2、只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,而不能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞 admit(承認(rèn)),advise(建議),allow(允許),appreciate(感 激),avoid(避免),consider(考慮),delay(推遲),deny(否 認(rèn)),dislike(不喜歡),enjoy(喜愛),escape(逃脫), excuse(原諒),finish(完成),forbid(禁止),give up(放棄), imagine(想象),keep(保持),mention(提及),mind(介意), miss(沒趕上),permit(允許),practise(練習(xí)),prohibit(禁 止),put off(推遲),risk(冒險(xiǎn)),suggest(建議)
3、既可接不定式作賓語,也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語且意思一致的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞既可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,又可接不定式作賓語,且兩者意思基本相同:
like(喜歡),love(喜歡),hate(憎恨),prefer(寧 可),begin(開始),start(開始),continue(繼續(xù))等。
4、既可接不定式作賓語,也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語但意思不一致的動(dòng)詞
有的動(dòng)詞既可接不定式作賓語,也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,兩者意思不同,要注意區(qū)別:
(1)remember(記得),forget(忘記),regret(后悔)接不定 式指該不定式所表示的動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生,后接動(dòng)名詞(有時(shí)可用完成式),則指該動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。
I regret saying what I said, and I’ll remember never to say it again.
我懊悔剛才所說的話,并且牢記再也不講了。
(2)try接不定式表示設(shè)法做某事,接動(dòng)名詞表示做某事試試(看有什么效果)。
You shouldn’t try to leave the restaurant without paying. You should try communicating with the manager.
你不應(yīng)該試圖不付賬就離開飯店。你應(yīng)該嘗試和經(jīng)理溝通一下。
(3)mean接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事,接動(dòng)名詞表示意味著(要)做某事。
If we mean to catch the early bus, that means getting up before five.
要想趕早班車,我們就得在5點(diǎn)鐘以前起床。
(4)stop接動(dòng)名詞表示停止做某事,接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事(注意:接不定式時(shí),不定式不是賓語,而是目的狀語)。
The computer stopped working, and I had to stop to get someone to mend it.
電腦壞了,我不得不停下來去找人修理電腦。
(5)can’t help接動(dòng)名詞表示禁不住去做某事,接不定式表示不能幫助做某事。
She’s a beautiful girl, and you can’t help liking her. However, I can’t help to run after her.
她是一個(gè)漂亮的姑娘,你會禁不住喜歡她的。但我不能幫忙去追求她。
(6)go on接不定式表示做完某事后接著做另一件事,接動(dòng)名詞表示繼續(xù)做正在做的事。
The minister went on writing for two hours, and then went on to talk about foreign policy.
部長一連寫了兩個(gè)小時(shí),接著就暢談外交政策。
四、非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語
1、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語
不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語相當(dāng)于名詞作表語,表示主語的內(nèi)容,主語和表語可以對調(diào)。
My job is teaching.→Teaching is my job.
我的工作是教書。
My job is to teach.→To teach is my job.
我的工作是教書。
2、分詞作表語分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞作表語,主語和表語不可對調(diào)。分詞作表語時(shí)總是放在系動(dòng)詞之后,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。-ing 形式通常表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行,過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)或完成。
I think the shop is closed at this time of day.
我覺得商店每天這個(gè)時(shí)候關(guān)門。
The story sounds interesting.
這個(gè)故事聽起來很有趣。
五、非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語
動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞都可作定語。動(dòng)名詞和單獨(dú)的分詞作定 語,往往位于所修飾的中心詞之前;動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞短語作定語,需 位于中心詞后面,即充當(dāng)后置定語。
1、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語 不定式在句中作定語時(shí)通常為后置定語,即放在被修飾名詞或代詞后。
I have nothing to say about this question.
在這個(gè)問題上,我沒有什么話要說。
He was the first guest to arrive.
他是第一個(gè)到達(dá)的客人。
不定式與其所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,而該不定式為不及 物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,構(gòu)成及物動(dòng)詞短語。可轉(zhuǎn)換成:介 詞+which+to do作定語。
I need a piece of paper to write on.
我需要一張寫字用的紙。→I need a piece of paper on which to write.
不定式常作下列名詞的定語:attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
They have now an opportunity to go abroad to study further.
他們現(xiàn)在有機(jī)會出國深造。
由only, last, next序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。
Mr. Wang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.
王先生總是最先到辦公室,并最后一個(gè)離開。
在一些固定句型中,習(xí)慣上使用不定式。
It’s your turn to speak now. 該輪到你說了。
It’s time to go to school. 該上學(xué)了。
2、 動(dòng)名詞作定語 動(dòng)名詞作定語不以短語的形式出現(xiàn),而且總是位于被修飾名詞之前 (在許多情況下構(gòu)成合成名詞),用以表示被修飾名詞的用途、目的和場合:reading room 閱覽室 operating table 手術(shù)臺 swimming pool 游泳池 singing competition 歌詠比賽 drinking water 飲用水 washing machine 洗衣機(jī)
3、分詞作定語 單個(gè)的分詞作定語可以置于被修飾詞語之前,但若是分詞短語作定 語則應(yīng)置于被修飾名詞之后。如被修飾的名詞是something, anything, everything, nothing 等,分詞放在被修飾名詞的后面。
We can see the rising sun.
我們可以看到東升的旭日。
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
被車傷著的男孩被立即送到了醫(yī)院。
There is nothing interesting.
沒什么有趣的事。
分詞短語作定語時(shí),通常放在被修飾的名詞之后,它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(=that has ever been written).
這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。
The man waiting for you(=who is waiting for you)is your friend.
正在等你的人是你的朋友。
六、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語
動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞可作狀語。兩者作狀語時(shí)應(yīng)和句子主語含有邏輯 上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系,否則應(yīng)使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
1、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語可表示目的、原因及結(jié)果等,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,因此動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語往往用主動(dòng)式。
We eat to live, but we don’t live to eat.
我們吃飯是為了活著,但是活著不是為了吃飯。(目的狀語)
She burst into tears to hear the bad news.
聽到這個(gè)壞消息后她痛哭流涕。(原因狀語)
表目的的不定式還常與so as或in order連用,構(gòu)成so as(not)to do sth.和in order(not)to do sth.的動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu),在句中充當(dāng)目的狀語。so as to do sth.不可用于句首。
To get there in time, we got up very early.
為了及時(shí)趕到那里,我們早早地起床了。=In order to get there in time, we got up very early. =We got up very early(in order/so as)to get there in time. only to do sth.
表示一個(gè)與主語愿望相反的或出乎主語意料的結(jié)果, 或用來暗示最初的未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。
I worked hard, only to fail at last.
我努力工作,結(jié)果最后卻失敗了。
2、分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語,多說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式或伴隨情況。主語在邏輯上與分詞如果是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞,如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 則用過去分詞。分詞可以位于句首、句中或者句末,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語從句。
Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.
聽到這個(gè)壞消息,她痛哭流涕。(時(shí)間狀語) →When/as she heard the bad news, she burst into tears.(時(shí)間狀語從句)
Given more time, we could have done it better.
如果再多給些時(shí)間,我們可以做得更好。(條件狀語) →If we are given more time, we could have done it better.(條件狀語從句)
現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語多位于句末,表示謂語動(dòng)詞本身的動(dòng)作造成的結(jié)果,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.
大雨滂沱,造成那個(gè)國家洪水泛濫。→It rained heavily, which caused severe flooding in that country.
如果不定式或分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,該不定式或分詞需用完成式。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
對不起給你添了這么多麻煩。
Having finished my homework, I went to play football.
完成了作業(yè)后,我出去踢球了。→After I finished my homework, I went to play football.
3、含有非謂語動(dòng)詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語保持一致。但有時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞帶有自己的邏輯主語,在句中作狀語,這種現(xiàn)象稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語,在語法上不是句子,一般有逗號與主句分開。有時(shí)可以用with引出。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、 代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語)構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子中起方式、時(shí)間、原因、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用,主要用于書面語。使用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為狀語從句。
(1)“名詞(代詞)+過去分詞”。
The signal given, the bus started.
信號發(fā)出后,公共汽車就啟動(dòng)了。→After the signal was given, the bus started.
(2)“名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞”。
Today being Monday, the library isn’t open.
今天星期一,圖書館不開放。→As(Since)today is Monday, the library isn’t open.
Summer coming, it gets hotter and hotter.
隨著夏天的到來,天氣越來 越熱了。→As summer comes, it gets hotter and hotter.
(3)“名詞(代詞)+不定式”。
With so many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人來幫助他,他一定會成功的。→As so many people help him, he is sure to succeed.
4、“連詞+非謂語動(dòng)詞”作狀語可以看作非謂語動(dòng)詞前面加連詞,也可以是狀語從句的主語與主句主語一致或者是it,并且從句謂語中含有be,把be和主語一起省略后的省略句。
The flowers his friend gave him will die unless watered(=unless they are watered)every day.
他的朋友送給他的花,如果不每天澆水就會死的。(water和flowers之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Although answering(=Although Tom answered)all the questions in the test, Tom did not get a good grade.
盡管在考試中回答了所有的問題, 湯姆也沒有得到好成績。(answer和Tom之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
七、非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)足語
在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中,動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞可作賓語補(bǔ)足語,構(gòu) 成“v.+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)這個(gè)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài),即原賓語成為句子主語時(shí),其補(bǔ)足語稱作主語補(bǔ)足語。
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
We will not be allowed to play on the street. 我們不被允許在街上玩耍。(主語補(bǔ)足語)
1、動(dòng)詞(短語)+賓語+帶to的不定式(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)有些動(dòng)詞(短語)后跟帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語,即:動(dòng)詞(短語) +賓語+to do sth. 擁有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞(短語)有:advise, appoint, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。
2、感官動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等的賓語補(bǔ)足語有3種形式,即動(dòng)詞原形(省略to 的不定式,變成被 動(dòng)語態(tài)要加上to)、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成,動(dòng)詞原形表示主動(dòng)和完成。
(1)不帶to的不定式充當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語
I heard her sing an English song just now.
剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。(省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
She was heard to sing an English song just now.
剛才她被聽到唱了一首英文歌。(帶to的不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語)
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天經(jīng)過她房間時(shí),我聽見她在唱英文歌。(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
She was heard singing an English song by me when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天我經(jīng)過她房間時(shí),她被我聽到在唱英文歌。(主語補(bǔ)足語)
(3)過去分詞充當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
The English song was heard sung many times.
這首英文歌多次被聽到唱。(主語補(bǔ)足語)
3、使役動(dòng)詞+賓語+非謂語動(dòng)詞(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)常見使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have, get+賓語+非謂語動(dòng)詞(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
(1)let sb./sth. do 意為“讓某人/某物做……”。
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
讓他們留在教室里面自己做練習(xí)。
(2)make sb./sth. do 意為“使/讓某人/某物做……”,變被動(dòng)語態(tài) 時(shí),不定式需帶to。
The teacher made the students stay after class.
老師讓這些學(xué)生下課后留下來。
The students were made to stay after class. 這些學(xué)生被要求下課后留下來。
(3)make sb./sth. done 意為“讓/使某人或某事被……”。
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門,以便讓自己被人聽到。
Can you easily make yourself understood in English? 你能使用英文把意思表達(dá)清楚嗎?
(4)have sb./sth. do意為“讓某人或某物做……”。
She had her children cook dinner for her.
她讓孩子們?yōu)樗鲲垺?/p>
(5)have sb./sth. done 意為“讓某人/某事被……”。
I had my hair cut last Saturday.
上周六我理了發(fā)。
(6)get sb. to do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”,注意to不可省略。
How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
我們?nèi)绾尾拍茏屗袉T工都準(zhǔn)時(shí)抵達(dá)?
(7)get sb./sth. done意為“讓某人/某事被……”。We’re getting our house painted this weekend.
我們這周末要請人粉刷房屋。
4、 find/leave/keep+賓語+非謂語動(dòng)詞(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)動(dòng)詞find, leave, keep也可以接非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)足語。
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
她發(fā)現(xiàn)一只錢包在地上。(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
They found the street lined with people.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大街兩側(cè)都站著人。(過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
He measured the cloth and found it(to be)the exact size.
他量了一下布,發(fā)現(xiàn)大小正好合適。(不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,to be 可省略)
For most of the day he can still be found working somewhere in the plant.
白天大部分時(shí)間人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他在廠里某個(gè)地方工作。(被動(dòng)語態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語)
This method was found to be practicable.
大家發(fā)現(xiàn)這方法很可行。(被動(dòng)語態(tài),動(dòng)詞不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語)
5、 catch+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞(作賓語補(bǔ)足語) catch可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,構(gòu)成catch sb. doing的結(jié)構(gòu),意為“撞見某人正在做某事”,其被動(dòng)形式為:sb. be caught doing sth。Next time I catch you stealing from others’ pockets, I’ll turn you in to the police.
下次再讓我看到你偷別人口袋里的東西,我就把你送到警察局。(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
She was caught cheating in the exam.
她考試作弊被抓到了。(作主語補(bǔ)足語)
6、 with+賓語+非謂語動(dòng)詞(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
(1)“with+賓語+不定式”通常表示不定式動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生或在當(dāng)時(shí) 看來尚未發(fā)生。
With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out.
有這么多工作要做,我就沒有時(shí)間出去了。
(2)“with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”指動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或在當(dāng)時(shí)看來已是一 種在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
他很快就睡著了,燈還亮著。
注意:正如進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)可以表示將來意義一樣,有時(shí)“現(xiàn)在分詞”也可表示將來意義。
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
冬天就要到了,該買暖和衣裳了。
(3)“with+賓語+過去分詞”指與其前的名詞或代詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
She sat with her head bent. 她低著頭坐在那里。
7、 不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語的常見結(jié)構(gòu) 一些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,后面常接不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語,構(gòu)成如下結(jié)構(gòu):Sb./Sth.+be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done.
例如:Shakespeare is considered to be one of the greatest writers.
莎士比亞被認(rèn)為是最偉大的作家之一。(=It is considered that Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers.)
He was said to have been cheated in the street.
據(jù)說,他在大街上被騙了。(=It was said that he has been cheated in the street.)
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