現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
1. 表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況(表示“已完成”)。如：
He has left the city. (結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市)
Someone has broken the window. (結(jié)果：窗戶破了)
2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去(表示“未完成”)。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如：
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見詞語(yǔ)
能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：
1) since 自從
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過(guò)去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前為止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that … 這是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系;
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如：
I have seen this film. (我已經(jīng)看過(guò)了這部電影)
I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的這部電影)
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等)，或者干脆沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如live, teach, work, know等);
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如：
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如：
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。
(√) He has been dead for two years.
(√) He died two years ago.
(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。
(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.
(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.
(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。
(√) She has been married for three years.
(√) She married Mike three years ago.
2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)，have gone to表示到某地去了(現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)回來(lái))。如：
She has been to Paris (three times).
She has gone to Paris.
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