11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
典型例題
�。�1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。
注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
�。ㄥe(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.
�。▽�(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）
注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1）（對(duì)） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯(cuò)） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past
six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。
2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3） since +從句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。
4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1） 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 （表結(jié)果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）
2） 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
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